LPS stimulates nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in murine skeletal muscle and C(2)C(12) myoblasts via Toll-like receptor-4 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase pathways.

"Frost, R. A., Nystrom, G. J., and Lang, C. H. (2004). Lipopolysaccharide stimulates nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in murine skeletal muscle and c(2)c(12) myoblasts via toll-like receptor-4 and c-jun nh(2)-terminal kinase pathways. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 287(6)."

CiteULike: Lipopolysaccharide stimulates nitric oxide synthase-2 expression in murine skeletal muscle and C(2)C(12) myoblasts via Toll-like receptor-4 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase pathways.:

Ammonia Upregulates Membrane Channel Associated with Autoimmune Conditions in Astrocytes~!

"Ammonium chloride induced upregulation of aquaporin-4 in astrocytes is regulated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Inhibiting p38 activation prevented ammonium chloride induced aquaporin-4 protein upregulation." It has been suggested that aquaporins are responsible for autoimmune-type conditions including MS and past studies show it upregulates the inflammatory cytokine that initiates the inflammatory cascade that increases oxidative stress via NO.

CiteULike: Ammonia induces upregulation of aquaporin-4 in neocortical astrocytes of rats through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.:


Reference: (2005). Aquaporin-4, water channel protein implicated in a disorder similar to multiple sclerosis. http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/7859740
Sinke, A. P., Jayakumar, A. R., Panickar, K. S., Moriyama, M., Reddy, P. V., and Norenberg, M. D. (2008). Nfkappab in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in culture. Journal of neurochemistry, 106(6):2302-2311.

Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase potentiates nitric oxide production in LPS-activated J774 cells.

These results show that DFMO potentiates LPS-induced nitrite production in the murine macrophage cell line J774. Since the only known mechanism of action of DFMO is inhibition of ODC, and thus polyamine biosynthesis, we conclude that expression of iNOS can be critically regulated by endogenous polyamines.

CiteULike: Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase potentiates nitric oxide production in LPS-activated J774 cells.: "Baydoun, A. R. and Morgan, D. M. (1998). Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase potentiates nitric oxide production in lps-activated j774 cells. British journal of pharmacology, 125(7):1511-1516."

Hemin inhibits NO production by IL-1beta-stimulated human astrocytes through induction of heme oxygenase-1 and reduction of p38 MAPK activation

Seems to me that the findings from this author are pretty important....:)

"up-regulation of HO-1 in astrocytes is associated with down-regulation of iNOS expression and thereby NO production, an effect that involves the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which suggests that this glial cell response could play an important protective role against oxidative stress in the brain."

"Sheng, W., Hu, S., Nettles, A., Lokensgard, J., Vercellotti, G., and Rock, R. (2010). Hemin inhibits no production by il-1beta-stimulated human astrocytes through induction of heme oxygenase-1 and reduction of p38 mapk activation. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 7(1):51+."

Read more: CiteULike: Hemin inhibits NO production by IL-1beta-stimulated human astrocytes through induction of heme oxygenase-1 and reduction of p38 MAPK activation:

Impaired Liver Glucose Production in a Murine Model of Steatosis and Endotoxemia: Protection by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Comparison between wild-type and iNOS-knockout mice under these conditions demonstrated a protective role of iNOS against fatal hypoglycemia. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling effects were confirmed by treatment of hepatocytes in culture with an NO donor, which resulted in increased expression of PGC-1α and gluconeogenic genes.

CiteULike: Impaired Liver Glucose Production in a Murine Model of Steatosis and Endotoxemia: Protection by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: "Tirosh, O., Artan, A., Aharoni-Simon, M., Ramadori, G., and Madar, Z. (2010). Impaired liver glucose production in a murine model of steatosis and endotoxemia: Protection by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling."

Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor- in the peripheral nervous system of lewis rats during ascending paresis and spontaneous recovery from experimental autoimmune neuritis

Autoimmune Neuritis: Peripheral nerve inflammation caused by injury, poisoning, or disease, and accompanied by sensory and motor changes in the area of the affected nerve.

Title: Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor- in the peripheral nervous system of lewis rats during ascending paresis and spontaneous recovery from experimental autoimmune neuritis.

Summary: "is the first report to show iNOS- and TNF--immunoreactive cells in dorsal root ganglia during EAN, suggesting an underlying pathology for the neuropathic pain behavior in EAN. Our results suggest that the cells bearing iNOS and TNF- in the different parts of the peripheral nervous system are involved in the development of the clinical signs observed at each stage of EAN."

De La Hoza, C. L. R., Castrob, F. R., Santosc, L. M. B., and Langonec, F. (2010). Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor- in the peripheral nervous system of lewis rats during ascending paresis and spontaneous recovery from experimental autoimmune neuritis. Neuroimmunomodulation, 17(1). http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/5891598

Polyunsaturated Fats Can Reduce ROS through Enzyme Regulation!

HEIRS Environmental Illness Research Blog: The Real Facts About Coconut Oil -- It IS NOT that Good For You

Title: Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production by raw 264.7 macrophages.

Summary: A new study shows that polyunsaturated fats can mediate enzyme expression to lower reactive oxygen and nitrosative species and also reduce inducable nitric oxide which is an inflammatory isoform of nitric oxide.

Citation: Ambrozova, G., Pekarova, M., and Lojek, A. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production by raw 264.7 macrophages. European Journal of Nutrition. (2009)http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/5873322