Glutamine Synthetase, PFOS and Neurotransmission

PFC are chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environmental and can or could be found in products including building materials, fabrics, packaging, clothing, protective gear etc. Recent studies show that these chemicals have the capacity to regulate or impair gene expression including those that regulate the excretion of toxic waste products that may result in alterations of neurotransmission and contribute to their toxicity. In addition, genetic problems may aggravate this inhibition and augment the physical consequences of exposure. Glutamine synthetase is one enzyme that is important for regulation of toxins such as ammonia in the brain as well as production of glutathione. In addition, certain conditions, such as in endotoxemia and implicated as a causal factor is CFS, the activity of this enzyme is further reduced. Nrf2 is protective against PFOS through the generation of HO-1 and reductions in its production may augment oxidative stress damage from PFOS.


Yang, X., Wang, L., Sun, W., and Xue, Z. (2009). [effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on amino acid neurotransmitters and glutamine synthetase in rats]. Wei sheng yan jiu = Journal of hygiene research, 38(1):19-21. http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/6999108
Häussinger, D. and Schliess, F. (2007). Glutamine metabolism and signaling in the liver. Frontiers in Bioscience, 12:371-391.
http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/7208003
Shi, X. and Zhou, B. (2010). The role of nrf2 and mapk pathways in pfos-induced oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol. Sci., 115(2):391-400.
http://www.citeulike.org/user/HEIRS/article/6761678

Impaired Liver Glucose Production in a Murine Model of Steatosis and Endotoxemia: Protection by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

Comparison between wild-type and iNOS-knockout mice under these conditions demonstrated a protective role of iNOS against fatal hypoglycemia. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling effects were confirmed by treatment of hepatocytes in culture with an NO donor, which resulted in increased expression of PGC-1α and gluconeogenic genes.

CiteULike: Impaired Liver Glucose Production in a Murine Model of Steatosis and Endotoxemia: Protection by Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: "Tirosh, O., Artan, A., Aharoni-Simon, M., Ramadori, G., and Madar, Z. (2010). Impaired liver glucose production in a murine model of steatosis and endotoxemia: Protection by inducible nitric oxide synthase. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling."

Changes in intestinal mucosal immune barrier in rats with endotoxemia.

Changes in intestinal mucosal immune barrier in rats with endotoxemia.: "URL: Changes in intestinal mucosal immune barrier in rats with endotoxemia.

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